UPSC EXAM CALENDER

Carbon Capture and Storage OR (Carbon Capture and Sequestration) (CCS)

CCS TECHNIQUE

What is CCS?

CCS, or Carbon Capture and Storage, is a working low carbon technology which captures carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the burning of coal and gas for power generation, and from the manufacturing of steel, cement and other industrial facilities, and transports it by either pipeline or ship, for safe and permanent underground storage, preventing it from entering the atmosphere and contributing to anthropogenic climate change.

How does CCS work?

There are three stages to CCS: capture, transport, and safe underground storage.

• Capture – First, the carbon dioxide is removed, or separated, from coal and gas power plants, and from the manufacturing of steel and cement. There are three types of capture; post-combustion, pre-combustion and oxyfuel combustion. This is called carbon dioxide capture and can captures 90% of carbon dioxide emissions.
• Transport – The carbon dioxide is then compressed and transported to a suitable storage site. The transport is generally carried out in pipelines. Ship transport is also an option for offshore carbon dioxide transport.
• Storage – The carbon dioxide is the injected into a suitable storage site deep below the ground. The storage site must be a geological formation that ensures safe and permanent storage. Storage can either take place in depleted oil & gas fields, or deep saline formations.

What is a CCS plant? What will it look like?

A CCS plant is one which captures carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels at coal and gas power plants, and from steel and cement manufacturing plants It is a combination or three parts; capture, transport and storage of carbon dioxide. Depending on the location of the power plant or industrial facility, the carbon dioxide can be transported over long distance for storage.
CCS plants are typically situated next to the plant from which carbon dioxide is captured. A ‘capture-ready’ power plant is one that has been designed and built for subsequent retrofitting with CCS technology. This requires space to be set aside next to the power plant, as well as an identified pipeline route and storage formation.
A carbon dioxide pipeline supporting CCS will be very similar in design and scale to pipelines already employed for the transport of natural gas. The same regulations that are applied to all pipelines are applied to Carbon Dioxide ensuring high standards of design and protection of the pipeline and environment.

How does it work with coal and gas plants?

CCS removes or “captures” the carbon dioxide produced from coal or gas fired generation and transports it for safe underground storage. There are three ways capture can be done:

• Post-combustion capture

Carbon dioxide can be captured from the exhaust of a coal or gas power plant by absorbing it in a solvent. The absorbed carbon dioxide is removed from the solvent and then compressed for transport and safe underground storage. The solvent is recycled as part of an environmentally responsible process.

• Pre-combustion capture

The coal or gas is pre-treated and converted into a mix of hydrogen and carbon dioxide, with the carbon dioxide separated, compressed and transported for safe underground storage. The hydrogen produced can then be used as a zero-carbon fuel.

• “Oxy-fuel” combustion systems

The coal or gas is burned in oxygen instead of air, which then produces a more concentrated carbon dioxide stream for easier separation.

What is carbon dioxide?

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a naturally occurring gas, found in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is all around us. We breathe out carbon dioxide and it is a vital gas for plant life. Carbon Dioxide has been used on industrial sites and in food manufacturing for many decades, including in soft drinks and fire extinguishers.
We also emit carbon dioxide from power generation, driving cars, aviation and homes, all of which we need to tackle if we are to limit the effects of climate change.
Although carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is essential to maintain a climate habitable by people, too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can lead to potentially harmful climate change. Carbon dioxide is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas. According the IPCC, the global atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has increased from a pre-industrial value of about 280 parts per million (ppm) to 379 ppm in 2005. The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide in 2005 exceeds by far the natural range over the last 650,000 years (180 to 300 ppm) as determined from ice cores.
To limit average climate change to less than 2°C, the IPCC states that atmospheric carbon dioxide should be kept below 450ppm. Atmospheric carbon dioxide can also cause ocean acidification, which damages the marine ecosystem. This is why we are developing CCS - to limit the carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere and causing climate change.

Is carbon dioxide dangerous?

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is all around us. We breathe out carbon dioxide and it is a vital gas for plant life. Carbon dioxide has been used for many decades in industrial processes, in food manufacturing, including soft drinks, and is an essential component of other everyday items such as fire extinguishers.
In very high concentrations carbon dioxide can be dangerous to humans, having an adverse impact on respiration. Like any dense gas that can displace the air that we breathe, in very high concentrations carbon dioxide can act as an asphyxiant. Where carbon dioxide is handled in very high concentrations, regulations are in place to minimise risks to human health and the environment.
Exposure limits[1] set by the Health & Safety Executive (HSE, the UK regulator for health and safety) regulate exposure to carbon dioxide for workers in the same manner as other potentially hazardous substances.

Syllabus of the IAS Preliminary Examination

Syllabus of the IAS Preliminary Examination
The Examination shall comprise two compulsory papers of 200 marks each.

General Studies Paper I - (200 marks) Duration: Two hours
*Current events of national and international importance.
*History of India and Indian National Movement.
*Indian and World Geography - Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World.
*Indian Polity and Governance - Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights
 Issues, etc.
*Economic and Social Development Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics,
 Social Sector initiatives, etc.
*General issues on Environmental Ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change - that do not require
 subject specialization.
*General Science.

General Science Paper II- (200 marks) Duration: Two hours
*Comprehension
*Interpersonal skills including communication skills;
*Logical reasoning and analytical ability
*Decision-making and problem-solving
*General mental ability
*Basic numeracy (numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc.) (Class X level), Data    interpretation   (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency etc. - Class X level)
*English Language Comprehension skills (Class X level).

BEST IAS COACHINGS

Best Civil Services Coaching Institutes in India

• ALS
• SUCCESS WIZARD ACADEMY OF CIVIL SERVICES
• G.S ACADEMY
• IIGS
• Vajiram and Ravi IAS Study Centre
• Rau's IAS Study Circle
• HEMANT JHA'S IAS ACADEMY

Top Civil Services Coaching Institutes in Andhra Pradesh

This list contains the names of top Civil Services Coaching Institutes in Andhra Pradesh. Some of the top civil services and IAS coaching Institutes in Andhra Pradesh include IAS Study Circle, IAS Academy, Chanakkya IAS Academy, Reddy's IAS Study Circle and Target IAS.

• Analog institute
• IAS Study Circle
• IAS Academy
• Chanakkya IAS Academy
• Centre for Civil Services
• DISC IAS Study Circle
• Hyderabad Study Circle
• Madhu's IAS & Informatics
• P N Raj IAS
• Reddy's IAS Study Circle
• Rangaraya IAS Academy
• Target IAS
• Visakha IAS Study Circle

Top Civil Services Coaching Institutes in Delhi

• ALS
• G.S ACADEMY
• IIGS
• Vajiram and Ravi IAS Study Centre
• Rau's IAS Study Circle
• HEMANT JHA'S IAS ACADEMY

Top Civil Services Coaching Institutes in Bihar

This list contains the names of top Civil Services Coaching Institutes in Bihar. Some of the top civil services and IAS coaching Institutes in Bihari include Actwel IAS Study Center, Chauhan IAS Studies Circle, and Sankalp Civil Coaching.

• AIM CIVIL SERVICES ACADEMY
• SUCCESS WIZARD ACADEMY OF CIVIL SERVICES,MAKHDUMPUR
• Actwel IAS Study Center
• Chauhan IAS Studies Circle
• Sankalp Civil Coaching
• Chronicle Civil Services Academy
• East & West Academy

Top Civil Services Coaching Institutes in West Bengal

This list contains the names of top Civil Services Coaching Institutes in Bihar. IAS Training Centre Presidency College is one of the best civil services coaching institutes in Kolkata.

• Career Care
• Bose Academy
• IAS Training Centre Presidency College

Top Civil Services Coaching Institutes in Uttar Pradesh

This list contains the names of top Civil Services Coaching Institutes in Uttar Pradesh. Some of the top civil services and IAS coaching Institutes in Uttar Pradesh include Center for IAS coaching, Banaras Hindu University,Coaching & Guidance Centre, Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh and Utkarsh Academy.

• Center for IAS coaching, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
• Centre for Excellence
• Academician's IAS
• Krishna Coaching Institute
• Coaching & Guidance Centre, Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh (U.P)
• Utkarsh Academy
• Vaid's ICS, Lucknow

Top Civil Services Coaching Institutes in Tamil Nadu

This list contains the names of top Civil Services Coaching Institutes in Tamil Nadu. Some of the best civil services and IAS coaching Institutes in Tamil Nadu include Center for IAS coaching, University Of Madras, University Of Madras, Institute Of Correspondence Education, Brilliant Tutorials, Christ UPSC Academy, Shankar IAS Academy and Sure Success Academy.

• Arise Brilliant Chamber
• Altius IAS Study Circle
• Bharathi IAS Study Centre
• Dronacharya IAS Academy
• Brilliant Tutorials
• Christ UPSC Academy
• All India Civil Services Coaching Center
• Shankar IAS Academy
• Sure Success Academy
• University Of Madras, University Of Madras, Institute Of Correspondence Education
• NICE-IAS

Top Civil Services Coaching Institutes in Karnataka

This list contains the names of top Civil Services Coaching Institutes in Karnataka. Some of the best civil services and IAS coaching Institutes in Karnataka include Meera's Academy, Swarnavalli Institute of Administration and Management and Universal Coaching Centre.

• Meera's Academy, (A Unit of Arya Varta education Trust)
• Universal Coaching Centre
• JSS Training Institute for Competitive Exams
• Confluence Academy For Excellence
• Swarnavalli Institute of Administration and Management (SWAIAM)

Top Civil Services Coaching Institutes in Maharashtra

This list contains the names of top Civil Services Coaching Institutes in Maharashtra. Some of the best civil services and IAS coaching Institutes in Maharashtra include MGovt IAS Coaching Institute of Nagpur, Abhyankar''s IAS Academy and National I.A.S. Academy.

• Academy of Competitive Examinations
• Govt IAS Coaching Institute of Nagpur
• Disha Competitive Classes
• Chetana Unique Academy, Chetana College
• Competitive Examination Center
• Synergy Study Point,
• Abhyankar''s IAS Academy
• Study Circle
• National I.A.S. Academy
• Lakshya IAS Academy
• Study Circle Institute Of Management & Admn
• S.G.Barve Administrative Training Centre

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UPSC Main Examination - Optional Subjects

UPSC Main Examination - Optional Subjects
General Studies

 Mathematics
 Agriculture
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Botany
 Chemistry
Civil Engineering
 Commerce
 Economics
Electrical Engineering
 Geography Geology
 Indian History
 Law Mathematics
Management
 Mechanical Engineering
 Medical Science
 Philosophy
Physics
 Political Science
Psychology
Public Administration
Sociology Statistics
 Zoology
Anthropology
 Arabic
 Assamese
 Bengali
 Bodo
Chinese
Dogri
 English
French German
Gujarati
Hindi
Kannada
Kashmiri
Konkani
Maithili
Malayalam
Manipuri
Marathi Nepali
Oriya
Persian
Punjabi
 Russian
 Sanskrit
 Santali
Sindhi
Tamil
Telugu
Urdu

Strategy Suggested 4 Medical Science Preparation

Years back when a medical student took up the civil services exams, he had no option but to change his subject. But seeing the growing numbers the UPSC added Medical Science as a subject in the civil services. Ever since many students have taken up the subject and even topped the exams. Do not alllow people to convince you that the subject is too tough and not scoring as these are the topics you have studied and practiced for five years. 80% of the questions are from what you have studied and like every other subject there are extra portions that are not covered in the graduation syllabus. So you you are at as much disadvantage as any other person.

STRATEGY OF PREPARATION
1) Follow the syllabus, that's your best guide as matter is not easily available in the market, nor is professional coaching. Also keep your options open for the out of syllabus questions. The previous years question can be your guides in this direction.

2) But you can try and form groups to study with and locate other medicos who have already appeared for the exams.

3) When you choose to focus on a specific topic and leave out others in that group it is better to be very through in that topic and at the same time have a general idea of the topics left out. This will form as your support system in case where your prepration is out of tandem with the question paper.

4) Choosing the right book is important. Our suggested readings section will help you out on that. Being a medical student you are probably used to working hard but remember your competition is only with the hard working and serious lot.